How does cardiovascular disease affect exercise capacity?

Cardiovascular disease fundamentally impacts the heart's ability to function effectively, particularly during physical exertion. One of the primary roles of the cardiovascular system during exercise is to increase blood flow to the muscles and vital organs to meet the heightened metabolic demands. When cardiovascular disease is present, factors such as impaired blood flow, reduced cardiac output, or abnormalities in heart rhythm can significantly hinder this process.

As a result, individuals with cardiovascular disease often struggle to achieve the necessary increase in heart rate and blood pressure that would typically occur during exercise. This leads to limitations in overall exercise capacity, as the heart may not be able to supply adequate oxygen and nutrients to the working muscles, causing fatigue and potentially leading to symptoms such as shortness of breath, chest pain, or palpitations.

In contrast, the other choices do not accurately reflect the relationship between cardiovascular disease and exercise capacity. Enhanced performance or reduced fatigue is inconsistent with the limitations imposed by cardiovascular disease, and the assertion that it does not affect exercise tolerance overlooks the significant physiological limitations faced by those with such conditions.